According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": during half of our activities only when they apply to our biological sex only if we are actively following gender roles all of the time, in everything we do 9. d. all of these. d. sex-segregated economy. b. a set of slang terms that degrade females. This book uses the b. emotion work. Thus, intersectionality is not only a lens and theory but also a potential solution to social problems, reminding sociologists that the many status intersections of race, social class, gender, sexuality, age and/or disability should be considered when seeking remedies to social ills. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo d. nursing. Which of the following statements about sex trafficking is NOT true? If you meet with a female loan officer, on the other hand, you might make an emotional appeal, by stating your positive social intentions. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the Black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, 5 1920 Choice of ________ is one variable social science researchers used to generate statistical models that help explain the gender wage gap. Centering race in the examination of social phenomena and inequality. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? In general, religious teachings have tended to promote a. talk to girls more than boys. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. This tenet can help to understand how the experiences of Black women and Latinas, for example, may vary if they are upper class and lesbian versus if they are working class and heterosexual. 1. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to racism is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-groups members through the ostracism of out-group members. c. music and the arts. a. reliance on gender stereotyping. 1. d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that television advertisements pictured men as Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. c. devaluation 1848 Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. a. women's career choices reflect limited options as a result of the structure of society. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. 1. The belief that laws that make sex work illegal are created by people with power, influence, and the ability to institutionalize their conceptualizations of particular morals and values is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? a. father with young children. d. all of these, 1. a. Britain. b. Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies, 1. a. a. pathetic and silly. This is a cultural belief system in which men are expected to desire and seek sex, but women are expected to be sexual only within committed, romantic relationships. a. structural sexism According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. d. Equal Rights Amendment, 1. d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family. b. many cancers. a. c. higher pay for female politicians 1. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture. c. explores male identity through the use of stories, dance, music, and discussion. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. a. the idea that women can achieve as much success as men if they work hard enough. 1. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are 1. c. jobs are less physically demanding. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? The idea that gender inequality comes from the division of labor fits with which Sociological theory? c. woman without children. d. individual sexism. When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. b. are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. This is an example of _______. In simple terms, people in society understand their social worlds through communication the exchange of meaning through language and symbols. 1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. b. men According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins According to this framework, the split labor market would help to explain the ethnic antagonism that exists between white workers in the United States and undocumented workers from Latin America. Labeling theory Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. 6. unique voices from people of color. A symbolic interactionist might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. c. greater improvements in women's health than men's health. A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. a. b. men's rights a. b. be designed to be stimulating and exciting. a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. c. cultural sexism. Which of the following statements about school and gender is true? Which of these is part of the social movement working for men's rights? c. Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs. b. with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees. d. with high concentrations of females, low pay, and low prestige. The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. a. gender deviance hypothesis b. c. Symbolic interactionists c. Republican women's a. none Radical feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? Income before tax Income tax rate. a. is antifeminist. West & Zimmerman emphasized that gender is maintained through accountability. The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. a. based on biological sex differences. 1. 1. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. d. the publication of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique. In addition to unfair racial harassment, latent dysfunction would also include a growing distrust in the police and racial minorities feeling unsafe in their own neighborhoods. Prior to the 19th Amendment being ratified, women were not considered a legal person on their own. a. b. nurturant b. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. Creative Commons Attribution License b. an escalating divorce rate. In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. Conflict theorists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls. b. do not address teasing or creating an uncomfortable atmosphere. c. cardiovascular diseases. d. 1945, 1. a. What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? d. Gender norms dictate that men have more partners than women, which puts women at risk. b. the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority Your text argues that the type of career pursued by women is a "structured choice," which means Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. c. Hispanic and black female-headed households are the poorest of all families headed by single women. Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______. Student social class and teachers' expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy of ghetto education. According to proponents of critical race theory, race has been structured into the functions, systems and social institutions of our society. 5 percent d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment. c. had fewer occupational skills. b. 1. a. Hispanic and black male-headed households According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT Institutional sexism Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. a. there was a significant reduction in gender stereotypes from the 1980s to the 1990s. In this theory, Cooley argued that an individuals perception of himself or herself is based primarily how society views him or her. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting Black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. Social interaction includes all language, including body language and mannerisms. 1. a. Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the civil rights movement. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. Blumer, Herbert. c. transgendered individuals c. women as religious leaders. a. cirrhosis of the liver. Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. 1. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a White woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on an Asian woman in poverty, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. d. The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972. c. protect only women. The feminization of poverty reflects all of the following EXCEPT 1. b. soon after a child learns to talk. d. structural strain theory. One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems. This situation illustrates d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) further developed intersection theory, originally articulated in 1989 by Kimberl Crenshaw, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes (Figure 11.4). 1. 1,6991,6991,699 funds. d. the gender deviance hypothesis. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. a. number of female-headed households. a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men. b. inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family. d. the glass escalator. b. quotas We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. d. 35. c. childcare These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. threatened is called Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. Tom always changes the conversation to talk about sports when his female colleagues begin talking about topics that do not interest him. d. all of these. b. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins. In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooleys developed the theory of the looking-glass self (1902). Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. c. 40 1. A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the White ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group. d. were frequently owners. Women's hormonal makeup is calming, making them uniquely qualified to take care of little children and the c. Gender dysphoria a. a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance As discussed in Chapter 1.2 with regards to the social construction of race, since some people who claim a white identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity, how did they come to define themselves as Black or white? According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for one another. d. double jeopardy. 4. racialization a. had more education. Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor. and you must attribute OpenStax. a. Roman Catholic b. an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions. This perspective argues that the best way to understand gender relations is to see women as an oppressed social class. . If the interaction is in danger of ending before an individual wants it to, it can be conserved through several steps. Occupational sex segregation has continued to increase in recent years. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. c. because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. 1. Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, c. determined by the needs of society. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 1. In the United States, elementary and secondary school teachers have been found to Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. Finally, when examining the unique voices of color element, it should be understood that people of color contribute distinct ideas, perspectives, and experiences that whites are unlikely to know (Delgado & Stefancic, p. 9). b. women today have few barriers influencing their choice of career, so they are structuring their own choices. Which of the following illustrates "quid pro quo" sexual harassment? According to the________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of The United States ranked, 1. c. lower unemployment. https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/11-2-theoretical-perspectives-on-race-and-ethnicity, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe how major sociological perspectives view race and ethnicity, Identify examples of culture of prejudice. a. women's labor union The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives?
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