According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), hybrid rice technology is the key approach for the increase of global rice production [2]. About 3.4% of animals were 25% or more inbred. [85] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki. They are prohibited in certain parts of the world (e.g., North America) because of religious sanctions. 363368, 2010. In both the United Kingdom and Denmark the number of immigrants who are married to their cousins is around half. WebAccording to Sennels, close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred. [74], Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. Kulkami, ML. However, the hybrids and inbred varieties exhibited statistically identical yield in late planting. [48] reported that higher temperature limits the assimilate supply to meet the demand of grains. It is clear from this study that the consanguineous couples are a population at high genetic risk. Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000. 3442, 2006. Most societies share an incest taboo against marriages between first degree relatives. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Both hybrids mature in 140 to 145 days during the dry seasons (December to May) [31]. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. B. Chakrabarti, P. K. Aggarwal, S. D. Singh, S. Nagarajan, and H. Pathak, Impact of high temperature on pollen germination and spikelet sterility in rice: comparison between basmati and non-basmati varieties, Crop and Pasture Science, vol. Soil of the experimental plots was medium highland with upper-middle range fertility. 14. New York, Oxford University Press, New york, 1988, pp. However, environmental influence on total chlorophyll content of flag leaf was relatively small. Flag leaf photosynthesis parameters were higher in the hybrid varieties than those of the inbred variety. Plants from the central 6m2 undisturbed area in each plot were harvested at maturity and grain yields were recorded. B. H. Zhao, P. Wang, H. X. Zhang, Q. S. Zhu, and J. C. Yang, Source-sink and grain filling characteristics of two-line hybrid rice Yangliangyou 6, Rice Science, vol. Leaf area (LA) was measured by an automatic leaf area meter (Model: LI-3100, Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA.) In the case of early planting, higher biomass accumulation and rapid expansion of leaf area of the tested hybrids produced higher LAI just after heading and developed an efficient sink (large panicles). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Photosynthetic rate of flag leaf ranged from 33.29 to 34.75molCO2m2s1 among the varieties and from 32.25 to 35.25molCO2m2s1 among different planting dates at 2 days after flowering. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, placing planting dates in the main-plots and varieties in the subplots. The more common variety, involving first cousins, was purposefully excluded (many countries legally allow and culturally accept these less extreme cases, and their health impacts have thus already been well documented). Both hybrids accumulated higher amount of biomass before heading and exhibited greater remobilization of assimilates to the grain in early plantings compared to the inbred variety. and Al-Hakkak, iS. [22]. Causes of deafness in schools for the deaf in Madaras. T. R. Sinclair and T. Horie, Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, and crop radiation use efficiency: a review, Crop Science, vol. There was no significant preference for marriage towards paternal side, maternal side orboth, as the percentage ratio of first cousins, second cousins and distant related couples was nearly the same in all the groups (Table III). miles). N1 7GU, Copyright 2017 2021 | AltNewsMedia Ltd | All rights reserved. 11. The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below. RT @RoroniggaZolo: 70% of British Pakistanis are from Mirpur, a highly inbred and backwards area of Pakistan. 363370, 2008. As Mohammad is the authority on marriage, and Islam prevents marriage to non-muslims (but allows first cousin marriage), the gene pool is not receiving fresh genetic material, causing devastating social, human and societal problems. Who is the most inbred person? In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. 9098, 1989. 42.7 % of all investigated animals were inbred, half of which had inbreeding greater than 6.25%. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country. [84] [52][53] Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups. A study done on various isonymic groups in Pakistan16 showed the highest coefficient of inbreeding in Khokhars (0.05 120) and the lowest in Mughals (0.0 175). Business Solutions including all features. Individual grain weight remained unchanged in hybrids at delayed planting indicating that physiological activity of the sink was not affected significantly due to rising temperature. 18. 19. In certain Indian communities, uncle-niece relationship is the commonest13, where as, preference is given to first cousin marriages in Pakistan (82% in our series) and Saudi Arabia14. 263271, 1998. This may be due to intrinsic genotypic characters or the well adaptability of the inbred BRRI dhan45 to the environment. [6] This meant that the total population of Pakistan in 2017 was 213,222,917. } WebThe Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver Inbreeding significantly (P<0.01) affected birth and 60 days weight. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8million to 75.7million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. [22] and Yang et al. Eastern Hill Balochi or Northern Balochi is very different from the rest. The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithn'Ashariyyah branch,[92] while a smaller number practice Ismailism. event : evt, Then, the five readings were averaged for the plot. Am. Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[82] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. Higher yield of Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 was attributed to the greater number of spikelets panicle1 along with larger and heavier grain size. London ", World Bank, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 [Graph], World Bank, March 30, 2023. J,Hum. WebPercentage Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group and Sex Pakistan Demographic Survey (PDS), 2020 is the twentieth round of a series of surveys, initiated in 1984. D. A. Choudhury, H. Hamid, G. U. Miah, and M. M. Haque, Phenology, growth and yield ability of modern and old rice cultivars of different maturity groups, Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, vol. Their findings were published in the journal Nature Communications and address a number of specific physiological, cognitive, and immunological health impacts. 4, pp. The first and biggest victims of Islam are muslims. Homozygosity occurs when a person has identical stretches of genotypes meaning those sections of genetic code came from both parents. [14] The United Nations was unable to estimate how many deaths were officially registered. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. That means dry matter accumulation in the studied hybrid varieties before heading was highly thermosensitivity. 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrcaa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-dea) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. Occasional papers, second series, No.4, London, Gallon Institute, 1992. Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues. Perinatal Epidemiol., 1991 ;5:10l .114. Therefore, our estimate of the prevalence might be too low.. People from Pakistan are 13 times more likely to have a birth defect. A. Abou Khalifa, Physiological evaluation of some hybrid rice varieties under different sowing dates, Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. WebA 2009 study put the percentage of consanguine (blood related) marriages in Libya at 48.4%. 261266, 2001 (Chinese). 661672, 2010. In some countries, such as Pakistan, that figure is closer to 70%. The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. A buffer (levee) of 0.5m, 0.5m, and 1.0m was kept in between subplots, main-plots, and blocks, respectively. Kj. [8]; and Wu et al. 766772, 2002. In our series, this fact could not be proved. 3rd Ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Vertical bars represent standard error (, Source-sink relation and postheading crop growth rate of hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseasons, 2008-200. It is concluded that the tested hybrid rice varieties accumulate higher amount of dry matter before heading and maintain large LAI at the grain filling period compared to the inbred variety, irrespective of growing temperature. 7. 9, pp. 1, pp. 3552, International Rice Reseseach Institute and Bangladesh Rice Reseseach Institute, 1999. 280284, 2005 (Chinese). In Pakistan, close to 70% of the population is inbred, In England, half of Pakistani immigrants are married to first cousins, Between 50% and 60% in Iraq, the UAE and Qatar, Danish Psychologist Nicolai Sennels estimates that half of all muslims in the world are inbred, causing potentially irreversible damage to the gene pool. Grain filling index reflects the source-sink relationship [36]. The prevalence of consanguinity and the degree of inbreeding vary from one population to another depending on ethnicity, religion, culture and geography. [4][5][6] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. 1118, 1981 (Chinese). H. Witham, D. F. Blaydes, and R. M. Devlin, Exercises in Plant Physiology, PWS Publishers, Boston, Mass, USA, 2nd edition, 1986. Imaizumi, Y., Schinozaki, N. and Aoki, H. Inbreedmg in Japan: Results of a nation-wide study. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Fig. S. Yoshida, Physiological analysis of rice yield, in Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science, pp. This poor filled grain percentage was associated with lower postheading crop growth rate and also related to failure of assimilates supply to the spikelets due to rising temperature. The average modern day Japanese is descended from about 16 percent of Over 40% of patients in Denmarks largest ward for clinically insane criminals have immigrant backgrounds. It shows that once a malfonnation is noted in a family, the risk of. In this study there was no significant difference in flag leaf photosynthetic rate between the studied hybrid and inbred rice varieties, irrespective of planting dates. Cheng et al. This was entirely predictable, it just hasnt been talked about. With an urbanisation rate of 51.9% as of 2017, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, and is even more urban than Islamabad Capital Territory. Consanguineous marriages in Chicago region. 135138, 1999. According to The Daily Mail, extrapolating the teams findings to the U.K. population as a whole would suggest that an estimated 13,200 U.K. citizens are the result of extreme inbreeding. 3, pp. 265268, 1997. S. Chen, F. Zeng, Z. Pao, and G. Zhang, Characterization of high-yield performance as affected by genotype and environment, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. I. Oh-e, K. Saitoh, and T. Kuroda, Effects of rising temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field, in Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Poster no. This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan.Pakistan is the world's fifth-most populated country.. Even among Pakistanis, Mirpur is considered uncivilized. Of course, there are some notable issues with the reliability of the new studys numbers as well. If a subject had more than 10 percent homozygosity, extreme inbreeding was more than likely the cause. M. R. C. Laza, S. Peng, A. L. Sanico, R. M. Visperas, and S. Akita, Higher leaf area growth rate contributes to greater vegetative growth of F1 rice hybrids in the tropics, Plant Production Science, vol. H. K. Poshtmasari, H. Pirdashti, M. Nasiri, and M. A. Bahmanyar, Study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on dry matter remobilization of three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. The maximum value of LAI gradually decreased in hybrid and inbred varieties with delayed transplanting due to reduction of vegetative phase. Forty percent (1530 out of 3820) of related parents had congenital nalfonnations in their children (Figure 2) In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'. WebThe 2019 population density in Pakistan is 281 people per Km 2 (728 people per mi 2), calculated on a total land area of 770,880 Km2 (297,638 sq. Tang, G.-L. Zhang, Y.-H. Xiao et al., Physiological and biochemical characteristics in flag leaves of the C Liangyou series of rice hybrid combinations at late growth stages, Rice Science, vol. Related Topics . 1, pp. [28] reported that the more dry matter in the vegetative organ at heading contributes little to the grain due to poor transportation and remobilization of stored assimilates and these account for poor grain filling rather than source limitation in super- and intersubspecific hybrids. Both the hybrid varieties showed relatively higher postheading-CGR at early planting due to their higher LAI at the grain filling period. Bundey, S., Alam, H., Kaur, A. eta!. The table below shows Pakistan's population structure by five-year age group and sex using data from the 2017 census. Levitan, M. Text book of human genetics 3rd Ed. Inherited metabolic, haematological, enzymatic and chromosomal defects were not included. 92, no. The MICS surveys above also provide data on the district level, although they come with a far higher margin of error. [34]. One hundred and fifty-five siblings were also found malformed in 145 families. [54][55], Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups. ), 2.0 migrants / 1,000 population (2021 est. 13. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The sample plan was designed to have an adequate representation of all the socioeconomical and demographic groups. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. To measure the effect of relationship on breeding, the term coefficient of inbreeding is used. The Heera2 (HS-273) is the most popular indica hybrid rice variety, imported from China and occupied about 70% of total hybrid rice cultivated area in Bangladesh. [52][53] The majority Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. The 2017 census recorded a population of 207,684,626 living in Pakistan's four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory. However, Sinclair and Horie [29] and Peng et al. Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Pahari-Pothwari[b] and Brahui. However, the findings of previous studies on hybrid rice suggest cross talk about the physiological causes of its higher yield. 4, pp. Charles II, known as the bewitched because of his large tongue, had a huge inbreeding coefficient. Sarhaddi is a sub-dialect of Rakshani. T. Lafarge and C. S. Bueno, Higher crop performance of rice hybrids than of elite inbreds in the tropics: 2. The U.K. Biobank began in 2006 and helps scientists study the various contributions of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to the development of diseases. Keeping the above facts in mind, the present investigation was undertaken to study source-sink relation, shoot reserve translocation, source activity, and yield attributes of hybrid rice varieties at gradually rising temperature environments in order to clarify whether the greater accumulated biomass induced-higher remobilization or postheading photosynthetic capability plays a key role in the higher yield of hybrids. [20]. In Pakistan, there are several studies of cousin marriages in major metropolitan cities likewise Punjab and Rawalpindi, Lahore, Quetta and Karachi. Days to heading decreased gradually with delayed planting and the magnitude of reduction was almost similar in the hybrid and inbred varieties. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 47, no. 1, pp. S. V. K. Jagadish, P. Q. Craufurd, and T. R. Wheeler, High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. About 70 percent of the genetic disorders in dogs are autosomal recessive, explains Carol Beuchat, Scientific Director of the Institute of Canine Biology. The studied hybrid and inbred varieties produced statistically similar grain yield at delayed planting (5 February) in 2008-09 and 2009-10, which was associated with rapid reduction of the number of filled grain percentage in hybrid varieties. The Middle East has a common practice of cousin marriage. 7, pp. Postheading crop growth rate as an index of plant productivity in grain filling period was calculated as the increase of plant dry matter per unit time and measured by taking the total dry matter at heading and at maturity [35]. 15, no. K. M. Hotta, K. Satoh, and S. Katoh, Relationship between photosynthesis and chlorophyll content during leaf senescence of rice seedlings, Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. On the other hand, Balochistan, which is geographically Pakistan's largest province, is its least-populated. M. R. C. Laza, S. Peng, S. Akita, and H. Saka, Contribution of biomass partitioning and translocation to grain yield under sub-optimum growing conditions in irrigated rice, Plant Production Science, vol. Researchers Find 13,200 Cases Of U.K. Inbreeding And Think The True Number Is Even Higher. While every one of Pakistan's administrative units currently has a growing population, the pace of growth is uneven throughout the country due to differing levels of fertility, mortality, as well as domestic and international migration. The populatio is being affected by this. Filled grain (%) declined significantly at delayed planting in the hybrids compared to elite inbred due to increased temperature impaired-inefficient transport of assimilates. Fox, R. Kinship and marriage. Relationship between the shoot reserve translocation percentage and average daily temperature from flowering to maturity. 4. comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment . A single plot was comprised of 20 lines and each line contained 26 hills. 170177, 2007. of couples actually make such a marriage world-wide1. WebR BC = S[() n + n' (1 + F A)] v (1 + F B)(1 + F C) . Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. WebInbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. The overall frequency of inbreeding was 76% with a coefficient of 0.04151 which is probably the highest figure reported in literature. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (2005). H. J. Ao, S. H. Wang, Y. After 1984 nineteen rounds of PDS were completed till 2007. 0.2g in the hybrids for rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C while this reduction rate was negligible in the inbred rice variety (Figure 3). There was no significant difference among the tested hybrid and inbred varieties with respect to flag leaf photosynthetic rates at different days after flowering except at 23 days after flowering. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. 19, pp. its recurrence is high. Considering the prevalence of malformations with the types of relationship of parents, the inter-marriage with first cousins alone, was highly significant (p=<0.01) (JPMA 47:75,1997). It is spoken as a first language by almost 39% of Pakistanis. 13, pp. 3, pp. A. 48, no. [65][66], Punjabi () is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Modell, B. and Kuliev, AM. To avoid the adverse effect of higher temperature, the hybrid varieties should be transplanted at the onset of the dry season. J. E. Sheehy, P. L. Mitchell, and A. Int. as of 2018[38], Ethnic groups in Pakistan (World Factbook)[41], The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Paharis[a][b] and Brahuis,[42][c] with significant numbers of Kashmiris, Chitralis, Shina, Baltis, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis and other various minorities. [88] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[89], The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[90]. However, relatively high temperature impaired slow rate of remobilization and transportation of assimilates ultimately causes rapid reduction of the percentage of filled grain in the hybrids compared to the inbred variety. Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. J. J. Tang, H. Chen, and S. Katsuyoshi, Varietial differences in photosynthetic characters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters among intergeneric progeny drive from Oryza x Sorghum, its parents and hybrid rice, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. Efficient assimilate supply to the grain from the source and the capacity of the sink to receive it determines the higher yield (grain filling percentage) and these processes depend highly upon environmental conditions [48, 49]. This broad swath of detrimental effects ranged from something as harmless as shorter stature to serious cases of reduced cognitive ability, lower fertility, and poor lung function. It is generally accepted that the founding population size of Homo sapiens was small, with effective population estimates ranging downward from 10,000 to 1,9002,800 and 1,000 to 700 (14).With such limited total numbers and population dispersal caused by a huntergatherer existence, a substantial level of inbreeding In the UK, an increasing percentage of infant deaths or serious medical issues are caused by 50+ generations of first cousin marriages and inbreeding in the muslim world, placing an increasing strain on the NHS. FlickrAfter looking at nearly half a million peoples genetic data, researchers found 125 cases of extreme inbreeding, suggesting that there are approximately 13,200 such cases across the U.K. population as a whole. WebMianchannu-51 --19 70 Muridke-92 3-19 114 Sheikhupura-381 32-67 480 Gujrat 34 306 6 9 70 425 Jhelum 4 394 39 3 338 778 Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality in Pakistan inbreeding. In each year, dry matter accumulation of hybrid Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 at the heading stage was higher than that of elite inbred BRRI dhan45, but the dry matter accumulation decreased 28% and 17.5% in the studied hybrids and inbred at 5 February planting compared to 20 December planting. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify this controversy on hybrid rice varieties. Hindko () is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. 4849, 2001. March 30, 2023. window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { 3, pp. Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 [53]; Yang et al. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. In Pakistan, cousin marriage is legal and common for economic, religious and cultural reasons. With populations of 14.9million and 11.1million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. Sennels states that research reveals inbred children lose 10-16 points from their IQ, and the chance of having an IQ of less than 70 (the official demarcation for being classified as retarded) increases by an astonishing 400% for the child of first cousin marriage. Interaction effect of variety and planting date were nonsignificant in all the cases. Hamamy, H.A. 13211329, 1987. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Populations pertaining to the modern borders of provinces are shown. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? In delayed planting (5 February) yield sink per unit leaf area was significantly decreased in tested varieties. WebAnother 1.3% were married to other relations and the rest (over 37%) were married to non-relatives. The photosynthetic rate gradually decreased with the advance of grain filling period. Accumulated larger dry matter triggered better assimilate remobilization at the grain filling stage.