Spain's constitution establishes a state of autonomies for its diverse regions. . (Adapted from: 2019 AP Human Geography Exam) Time Allotted: 25 minutes (plus 5 minutes to submit) AREAS OF POTENTIAL DEVOLUTION IN SPAIN AND NIGERIA The number of states in the world has grown to approximately 200. In Brazil, Amazonian tribes want more ownership of the resources in their area. )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? The Eastern Region seceded to form the Republic of Biafra in 1967, and up to three million died in the Biafra War with the federal government until the republic was lost in 1970. Some of the key factors that can shape the devolutionary process include: Political context: The political context, including the balance of power between different levels of government and the broader political landscape, can have a significant impact on the devolutionary process. Updates? These regions want the power to control their own affairs in a way that makes sense to them. Poor regions of a country can feel disadvantaged by wealthier ones. the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. The examples in the table show states that gained or lost United States House of Representatives districts based on 2010 census data. Belgium is distinctly divided into two distinct regions, the Flemish in the north and the Walloons in the south. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In 1997, native Hawaiians demanded the return of certain rights lost during the "occupation" of the island nation by the United States. Factors such as the presence of strong regional or local political parties or movements, the level of support for devolution among the public, and the willingness of the central government to cede power can all shape the devolutionary process. Its name comes from an Algonquin word for "where the river narrows." . Here is an example of a question you can expect to see on the newly formatted AP Exam this year (provided by the College Board): Tibet: Tibet is an autonomous region in China with a high degree of self-governance and a unique cultural and religious identity. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Devolution is an important part of the AP Human Geography curriculum and is part of different concepts within the area of the political organization of space. The movement is driven by a desire to protect the Basque language and culture, and to give the people of the Basque region more control over their own affairs. Ethno-regional: This occurs when there are vast differences in ethnicity, religion or culture between different regions under a central government. Sudan was a multi-ethnic state that was composed of several regions with distinct cultural and linguistic identities. Corrections? If you look at many modern day boundaries, you will see they are geometric, drawn up by Europeans during the colonial period, with no regard to ethnic division. examples of devolution former Yugoslavia historical geographical context: physical geography relative location: zone of politico-geographical splintering and fracturing birth of Yugoslavia Tito devolution of USSR ethnic and religious divisions: Serbs (Eastern Orthodox), Croats (Roman Catholic), Muslim Slavs Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. See also home rule. - Definition & Examples, What Is House Arrest? Other physical features that can lead to devolution include deserts and large bodies of water. A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. England has still not granted the countries all the powers they have asked for. Governments can counter devolutionary groups and democracy movements with pro-government applications, information, news or media. Governments can ban media from broadcasting information, news, websites or other media regarding an ethnic, religious, or political groups who intend to devolve the state or reform the government. The decentralization forces now at play in the United States, spurred by the troubling power-grabbing moves by the Trump administration, are noteworthy for being largely bipartisan, largely trans-continental - except for a few regressive southern states and a few states in the prairies and mountain west - and showing no signs of abatement. 3: National Assembly (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg) by Kabusa16 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kabusa16) licensed by CC BY-S.A. 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Devolution is the process of decentralization where a central government relinquishing power to smaller governing regions. The table below shows and explains three important historical reasons for devolution. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. Cultural diversity 2. Farmers resent crop destruction by cattle; pastoralists resent farmers blocking cattle from free movement and water sources. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. There are still growing pains in the region, but ethnic groups have much more autonomy today than they did under the former Soviet Union. - Definition, History & Examples, Strict & Loose Constructions of the Constitution, U.S. Nigeria has grown from three regions to 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja), evolving an increasingly complex system with a balance of powers modeled largely on the US system but with an inheritance from the British system and numerous local systems as well. Devolution is the decentralization of power from a central government to regional governments to allow ethnic nations and other groups a degree of autonomy; this can ease tensions and guard against regions seceding and forming their own countries, as Biafra did in Nigeria. Through the separation of powers, the legislature, executive branch, and judicial branch work together to govern the country at the federal level; states have governors and their own governments. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements. Answer: Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. Our planet is divided into political units called countries or states. This is the basic idea behind devolution. The kids living in the third floor attic follow the same rules as the kids living in the basement room. The process of moving from centralized to decentralized power is called devolution. Independent Nigeria's first government was a parliamentary system modeled on the UK. The notion of the modern state developed in Europe in the early eighteenth century. The two most prominent examples of devolution are in the United Kingdom and Spain, both of which experienced protest and violence before granting devolution. Divisive forces threaten a countrys sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. What is the healthiest blood type to have. This rule applies to all the rooms. The term is named after the Balkans, a region in southeastern Europe that has a long history of political instability and conflict. Each country has defined borders, which have set boundaries. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. 1b. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Tibet is responsible for matters such as education, public health, and environmental protection within its borders. This enormously powerful figure promised to restore power to the people in a 3rd Republic in 1993, but it never happened, though a new constitution was drafted. Federalism is a form of government where the individual regions have control and sovereignty over themselves while still falling under umbrella of the country's political structure. However, before devolution, the situation in the Canadian territories was strikingly similar to the one in the American West today. History shows us that those challenges can and do lead to civil unrest, protest, and armed conflict. Countries such as Spain and Nigeria face devolutionary pressures. FRQ Examples Free-Response Question 1: No stimulus For FRQ 1, you will receive a short piece of background text followed by a series of questions. Dozens, if not hundreds, of organized, heavily-armed criminal groups run by warlords exist across Nigeria and particularly in the northwest. % This may eventually lead to Belgium splitting into two different countries. However, they can also exist within unitary states, where they are granted a degree of self-governance by the central government. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Western Region, already dissolving from infighting, was not happy about this. In 1987, Slobodan Miloevi came to power and ruled over almost a decade of ethnic violence that left thousands dead. - Definition & Meaning, Witness: Definition & Role in Criminology, What is a Public Defender? Nigeria has a court system that combines a US-like structure but incorporates four types of law to accommodate its history and culture. Many of Nigeria's ethnic groups once ruled powerful states such as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903, Fulani), the Kanem-Bornu Empire (which lasted over 1,000 years), and so forth. The reopening under devolution of Scotland's parliament after a more than 300-year hiatus symbolized the restoration of significant autonomous self-government for Scotland. He's taught grades 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> A. Economic Devolutionary Forces Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements 3a. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 But the challenges the "giant of Africa" faces are still grave. This type of dispute is still evident today in the Horn of Africa. In the mid-1800s, the United States was engaged in a fierce civil war between the northern states and the southern states. Unity, in other words, is not a quick or easy process. Sub-nationalists may seek to establish or strengthen the powers of regional or local governments, or they may advocate for the creation of an autonomous region or even independence from the central government. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. The two nations were engaged in military battles for years, so it's understandable that the Scots don't want to live under the same laws as the English. In the U.K. and Spain, two of the most well-known devolved countries, separatist terrorist groups perpetrated acts of violence for decades. Devolution does not involve a change to the government's constitution, so the authority given to the local levels can be taken away at any time. Europeans are caught between holding on to cultural heritage and moving forward economically in a competitive global economy. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Devolution may occur as one region of a state feels disconnected spatially and physically from the state. The new military government created provinces from the regions to allow for more representation, but it was too late. Some examples include a shared religion, external threats, a stable government, and a common language. Other shared traditions around religion, clothing, food, and language can also unite people. These organizations range from stateless terrorist groups to cultural minorities within the state, to other countries seeking to expand their political-territorial aims. It's important to understand that those powers can be taken away without notice. The parents own the house and make the rules. International factors: International factors, such as the influence of international organizations or the presence of regional or international actors, can also shape the devolutionary process. Like parents granting a teenage girl autonomy over her own bedroom, devolution is when a country chooses to transfer powers from the central government to subnational governments like state, local, and regional governments. Here are a few examples of historical devolution. The civil wars within former Yugoslavia have cost thousands of lives and destroyed an infrastructure that had taken decades to build. Advertisement Previous Next Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. In some cases, devolution may involve the transfer of decision-making authority over certain policy areas, such as education or health care, from the central government to regional or local governments. Its 100% free. The theory that the political state was a living organism was used by Germany to expand and occupy its neighbors during World War II. For example, the European Union has played a role in encouraging devolution within its member states as a way to promote regional integration and cooperation. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Historical and cultural factors: The history and culture of a region or locality can also play a role in shaping the devolutionary process. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. With a bicameral legislature, each state has proportional representation in the Nigerian House of Representatives, but also three Senators per state. stream Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. For example, the city of Quebec is built at the original head of navigation on the St. Lawrence River. In 1999, Nunavut officially broke from the Northwest Territory . Describe how each of the following forces contributes to devolutionary pressures within a country. With a federalist government, the power granted to local regions is guaranteed by the constitution, so it cannot be revoked. Obviously lost in population, and breaking up of families. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. Autonomous regions are often established as a way to give more control to regional or local authorities and to allow for the recognition of regional or local differences. endobj A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. Forces that Lead to Devolution Physical geography can cause isolation due to natural features. The British kept Muslim states in the North largely intact in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and governed them indirectly. B. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. Ukraine: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, including the annexation of Crimea by Russia, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. Have all your study materials in one place. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. 2 0 obj W~Xz~8:r/{*Ym3CV@b8h* 4Gaso!X{\(YLMP$'HR$pm@xaisY9ikOApn~ERp@&_ws4MLp_ZcO'v:L$5|)TdX & gtf. But so far, devolution in Nigeria has worked without military rule now for over two decades. Cultural boundaries usually closely follow ethnicity and can separate two or more cultural groups. This trend was also experienced throughout the world, though perhaps the two most notable instances of devolution occurred in France in the 1980s and the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. In 1997, the British Labour Party gave both the Scots and Welsh a chance to vote on political autonomy, and both voted to have their own parliaments. In the North, extremist groups, such as Boko Haram, associated with al Qaeda or the Islamic State (ISIS), have waged genocidal wars on Christians and Muslims alike since the 2000s. The national government in Paris had to give prior approval for all major decisions made by the rgions, dpartements, and communes, ranging from their annual budget to the names of new schools or streets. It has devolved some more of its powers to mayoralities, such as those in London and Greater Manchester, who have influence over things like transport policy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The main reason that centralized governments give way to devolution and a decentralized model is because the different regions under the central government have vastly different ethnic, religions and traditional heritages. More power to regions (petitioning for /formation of new legislatures, local control over policy, Local ethno-nationalism (linguistic/religious revival), Political instability (civil war, fighting, hostility, ethnic cleansing, conflict), Economic instability (economy declining, with supporting explanation). The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) began a guerrilla war against the federal government in 2021 with the stated aim of secession. . Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. What is the difference between JFS and JFS2 in AIX? Create and find flashcards in record time. The UK is a good example of devolution. Some may be largely symbolic, while others can speak for entire cultural groups on many important issues. Economic factors: Economic considerations, such as the distribution of wealth and resources across different regions or localities, can also influence the devolutionary process. <p>The high level of economic difference between the regions in Italy acts as a devolutionary force.</p> If two parts of a country consider themselves drastically and culturally different from each other, they will be more inclined to separate. Nigeria became a federal republic in 1963, three years after independence from the UK. 1. New constitutions have devolved more power, given more people a voice, and theoretically have made it more difficult for people in power to amass great fortunes, but both military and civilian leaders have been able to thrive regardless. <> Northern Ireland has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders. If all the kids live under and follow the same rules, it's called centralized power. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments). Devolution became a major political issue in the United Kingdom beginning in the early 1970s. Basque independence movement: The Basque independence movement is a political movement in the Basque region of Spain and France that seeks independence from Spain and France. Citing rampant corruption, military leaders dissolved the first and second republics and did not allow the third to exist. Shatterbelt. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. However, debates still rage over whether enough power was devolved in the U.K. Sudan: The breakup of Sudan in 2011 is another example of Balkanization. Countries pursuing devolution have to be careful that it doesn't spiral out of control, as it did in the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Sudan. They may have a lot of power, just not governing power. These challenges raise questions about the role that national governments play in the global political system in light of organizations acting out on the world stage. Sharia law was mentioned above; English law is inherited from the UK; Common law is comprised of the laws that have been passed since independence. because of the conflicts and divisions that have occurred there. Clashes have escalated at times into wars. Fig. For Parts B and C, make sure you give specific details for each example. F. Identify and explain one political impact resulting from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. Which has long been seen by opponents as the "favored" region in Nigeria, dating back to colonialism? 3 0 obj As with any colonial regime, tactics of divide and conquer ended up pitting ethnic nations against each other, a recipe for disaster for an independent Nigeria. Disputes often arise over boundaries when countries disagree over the superimposed boundaries that split ethnic groups. %PDF-1.5 j9*az';zpM_p-R\_&8$UU>aX2dE1L6d0>(-RH@Cdn3B2]XQG^a .;H England has still. E. Identify and explain one internal effort on the part of a government to lessen devolutionary pressures in a country. Shows of force, or make compromises with regions to keep them together or start a war. The Federal government is still sovereign and maintains powers over foreign policy and defense, but each state can govern itself.