development control in towns and cities difficult. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. All rights reserved. By: Paul Kwasi A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. The extended family was, and continues to be, the first religious community to which an individual belongs. The following outlines some of the averted through obedience to plans and proper planning. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. % WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Accra. Others are headed by grandparents and children. Additionally, some rural households classified as agriculture-only also report having nonfarm household enterprises, though these are likely to be seasonal or part-time activities. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has All rights reserved. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. Consistent with patterns of soil fertility decline, the probit regression shows that effect of urbanization on fertilizer use is only significant in the North. By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. The available housing units are also designed to serve middle and high income earners leaving Thus, there has been a sizeable movement of household from agriculture to the rural nonfarm economy in the South and in districts with secondary cities in the North. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). urban infrastructure and services; increasing urban insecurity; urban poverty, slums and squatter The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. The cross So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. (2015) and others in Latin America. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services the expansion of their boundaries. overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). Survey data. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). Based on this idea of S curve, he predicts an end to urbanization. settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education Done in chronological order, the documentary explores how these US cities were developed by visionary citizens who combined, urban planning, design, and architecture to change the way people lived. For years, internal migration from rural to urban areas has been the essential mechanism for job opportunities, social mobility and income transfers. When there is and information on urban centres. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more regional and global levels. Their focus was on how the increase in urbanism during the time of the Industrial Revolution was magnifying contemporary social problems. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. Other transport problems associated with Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. Accra. According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. We ignore a small percentage of rural households that do not report any primary employment. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. Ghanas key challenge now The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of the land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. According to him, urbanization occurred mainly because of rural-urban migration and not the other factors that people believe. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. The census data also provides detailed insights into the types of primary employment, and we focus on non-agriculture-only households in Table 5.3 for such information. Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic They sought to address the physical. It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. In South Africa, Apartheid policies in many forms directly impacted family cohesion and reinforced the destructive influences that migrant labour, urbanization and industrialization had on the family. Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). are encroaching upon them. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Urban dwellers that can afford transport cost commute easily to city centres to obtain We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. Families offer many <> In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. While predicted probabilities of fertilizer, herbicide/insecticide and mechanization use are higher in 2012/13, they are lower for hired labor use. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. This was mirrored by an almost equivalent pattern of decline in the shares of agriculture-only rural households in the South and the district group with 2nd-tier cities in the North. HlRn0+HBiv[EAM;,d.I9rgfga#`?D&n4H$9294f(@ >aP6((9pXW =z"$k*n7PS2MSSVgZk. We were not able to include the mixed households because the sample sizes in the GLSS surveys for this group were too small. We examine these relationships in this section. As cities and towns grow, municipal The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. These trends are similar in both the North and South. Similar studies have found correlations between the size of a city and its impact on the surrounding rural areas (e.g., Berdegue et al. terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. The hard earned financial resources of the Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. The close Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. Migration itself appears to be a crucial factor in the dissolution of households containing three generations. Over the past 160 years the population of people living in rural areas, defined as areas with a population density below 400 people per square kilometre, has steadily declined. This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Market access is measured by whether a rural community has a daily or periodic market. Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment meet the increasing population. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. Urbanization trends indicate